Tenses
英语时态总览
可以把时态理解为"时间 + 动作状态"：现在、过去、将来、过去将来，加上一般、进行、完成、完成进行。
| 时间 | 一般 | 进行 | 完成 | 完成进行 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在 | play(s) | am/is/are playing | have/has played | have/has been playing |
| 过去 | played | was/were playing | had played | had been playing |
| 将来 | will play | will be playing | will have played | will have been playing |
| 过去将来 | would play | would be playing | would have played | would have been playing |
Present Simple
一般现在时
主语 + am/is/are 或 动词原形/三单形式 + 其他
表示经常发生的事情、习惯、规律或客观事实。
be 动词和实义动词通常不要同时做谓语；主语是第三人称单数时，实义动词要用三单形式。
She loves music. / She is a teacher.
肯定句
She doesn't love music. / She is not a teacher.
否定句
Does she love music? / Is she a teacher?
一般疑问句
Past Simple
一般过去时
主语 + was/were 或 动词过去式 + 其他
表示过去发生并已经结束的动作或状态。
实义动词变疑问句和否定句时，用 did/didn't，后面的动词恢复原形。
I visited Beijing last year. / He was tired yesterday.
肯定句
I didn't visit Beijing last year. / He was not tired yesterday.
否定句
Did you visit Beijing last year? / Was he tired yesterday?
一般疑问句
Present Continuous
现在进行时
主语 + am/is/are + 动词 ing + 其他
表示此刻正在发生的动作，或当前阶段正在进行的事情。
进行时的核心是 be + doing，be 会随着主语变化。
I am studying English now.
肯定句
I am not watching TV now.
否定句
Are you studying English now?
一般疑问句
Past Continuous
过去进行时
主语 + was/were + 动词 ing + 其他
表示过去某个时刻正在发生的动作。
常和 when、while 或明确的过去时间点一起使用。
She was reading at 8 p.m. yesterday.
肯定句
She was not sleeping at 8 p.m. yesterday.
否定句
Was she reading at 8 p.m. yesterday?
一般疑问句
Future Simple
一般将来时
主语 + will + 动词原形 / 主语 + am/is/are going to + 动词原形
表示将来要发生的动作、计划、预测或临时决定。
will 后面必须接动词原形；be going to 更强调计划或较明显的趋势。
I will call you tomorrow. / She is going to buy a car.
肯定句
I will not call you tomorrow. / She is not going to buy a car.
否定句
Will you call me tomorrow? / Is she going to buy a car?
一般疑问句
Present Perfect
现在完成时
主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 其他
表示过去发生的事情对现在有影响，或从过去持续到现在。
它关注“现在的结果或影响”，不是单纯讲过去某个时间。
I have finished my homework.
肯定句
I have not finished my homework.
否定句
Have you finished your homework?
一般疑问句
Past Perfect
过去完成时
主语 + had + 过去分词 + 其他
表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经完成的事情。
可以理解为“过去的过去”。
I had finished the work before he came.
肯定句
I had not finished the work before he came.
否定句
Had you finished the work before he came?
一般疑问句
Future Continuous
将来进行时
主语 + will be + 动词 ing + 其他
表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作。
强调将来某一时间点动作正在进行。
I will be working at 10 tomorrow morning.
肯定句
I will not be working at 10 tomorrow morning.
否定句
Will you be working at 10 tomorrow morning?
一般疑问句
Future Perfect
将来完成时
主语 + will have + 过去分词 + 其他
表示到将来某个时间为止已经完成的动作。
常和 by + 将来时间搭配。
I will have finished the book by Friday.
肯定句
I will not have finished the book by Friday.
否定句
Will you have finished the book by Friday?
一般疑问句
Present Perfect Continuous
现在完成进行时
主语 + have/has been + 动词 ing + 其他
表示动作从过去开始，一直持续到现在，并可能继续。
它强调动作的持续过程，而不仅仅是结果。
I have been learning English for two years.
肯定句
I have not been learning English for two years.
否定句
Have you been learning English for two years?
一般疑问句